五、大力增進(jìn)人民福祉
V. Improving People's Welfare

在民族區(qū)域自治制度下，西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展不斷邁上新臺階，實(shí)現(xiàn)了跨越式發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和社會的全面進(jìn)步，使西藏各族人民得到實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處，人民的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)得到有效保障，社會和諧安寧。
Under the system of regional ethnic autonomy, Tibet's economic and social development has achieved leapfrog development by constantly reaching higher levels. Rapid economic growth and comprehensive social progress have brought real benefits to all ethnic groups in Tibet, effectively guaranteeing their right to subsistence and development, and maintaining the harmony and stability of its society.

——現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展水平日益提高
-- Tibet's modernization level has steadily risen.

西藏生產(chǎn)總值由1965年的3.27億元增加到2014年的920.8億元，增長281倍。1994年以來，西藏地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值連續(xù)20年保持兩位數(shù)增長，年均增速高達(dá)12.4%。1965年西藏地方財(cái)政收入僅為2239萬元，2014年達(dá)到164.75億元，年均增長高達(dá)14.46%，自我發(fā)展的能力不斷增強(qiáng)。全區(qū)工業(yè)增加值由1965年的0.09億元增加到2014年的66.16億元，增長735倍，年均增長14.4%。第二產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值在地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值中的占比由1965年的6.7%提高到2014年的36.6%。2014年，全區(qū)社會消費(fèi)品零售總額達(dá)364.51億元，比1965年的0.89億元增長了409倍，以年均13.1%的速度遞增；進(jìn)出口總額達(dá)22.55億美元，比1965年的0.07億美元增長了321倍，年均增長12.5%。
Tibet's GDP soared from 327 million yuan in 1965 to 92.08 billion yuan in 2014, a 281-fold increase. Since 1994, the local GDP has grown at an annual rate of 12.4 percent on average, registering double-digit growth for 20 consecutive years. Local fiscal revenues increased from 22.39 million yuan in 1965 to 16.475 billion yuan in 2014, an average annual increase of 14.46 percent, further enhancing Tibet's self-development capabilities. The Region's industrial added value skyrocketed from nine million yuan in 1965 to 6.616 billion yuan in 2014, a 735-fold increase, or an average annual growth of 14.4 percent, and the proportion of secondary industry's added value in the local GDP rose from 6.7 percent in 1965 to 36.6 percent in 2014. Total retail sales of consumer goods increased from 89 million yuan in 1965 to 36.451 billion yuan in 2014, a 409-fold increase, or an average annual growth of 13.1 percent. The total volume of Tibet's foreign trade rose from US$7 million in 1965 to US$2.255 billion in 2014, a 321-fold increase, or an average annual growth of 12.5 percent.

藏醫(yī)藥業(yè)、民族手工業(yè)、綠色食飲品和新能源等特色產(chǎn)業(yè)得到優(yōu)先發(fā)展。目前，7個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)帶初步形成，建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化示范區(qū)20個(gè)，培育地市級以上農(nóng)牧業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化龍頭企業(yè)95家。建工、礦業(yè)、旅游、藏藥、商貿(mào)等九大集團(tuán)相繼組建。藏藥產(chǎn)業(yè)初具規(guī)模，全區(qū)藏藥企業(yè)18家，藏藥品種360多個(gè)。天然飲用水產(chǎn)量突破30萬噸，成為新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)。2014年接待游客1553萬人次，比旅游業(yè)起步時(shí)的1980年增長4436倍，年均增長28.0%；實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游總收入204億元，增長20400倍，年均增長32.8%。
Priority has been given to such industries with Tibetan characteristics as Tibetan medicine, folk handicrafts, green food and drinks, and new energy. At present, seven industrial belts have taken shape, 20 demonstration zones of standardized agriculture have been established, and 95 agricultural and animal husbandry industrialization leading enterprises at or above the prefectural level cultivated. Nine big groups have been established, one by one, including construction and engineering, mining, tourism, Tibetan medicine, and commerce and trade. Tibetan medicine industry has taken shape, with 18 pharmaceutical enterprises producing more than 360 kinds of drugs. The output of natural drinking water has exceeded 300,000 tons, making the industry a new economic growth point. In 2014, Tibet received 15.53 million tourists, a 4,436-fold increase compared with 1980 when the Region first opened to tourism, or an average annual increase of 28 percent. Tourism revenue has now reached 20.4 billion yuan, a 20,400-fold increase or an average annual increase of 32.8 percent.

以公路、鐵路、航空為主的綜合交通運(yùn)輸體系基本形成，交通更加便利。以拉薩為中心，東連四川、云南，西接新疆，北連青海，南通印度、尼泊爾，地市相通，縣鄉(xiāng)連接的公路交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本建成。2014年底，全區(qū)公路通車?yán)锍踢_(dá)到7.5萬公里，次高級以上路面里程達(dá)到8891公里，占12.6%。全區(qū)74個(gè)縣中65個(gè)縣通了柏油路，占88%；690個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通公路，通達(dá)率99.7%；5408個(gè)行政村通公路，通達(dá)率99.2%。格爾木至拉薩、拉薩至日喀則鐵路相繼通車運(yùn)營，拉薩至林芝鐵路開工建設(shè)。組建了西藏航空公司，區(qū)內(nèi)通航機(jī)場5個(gè)，8家航空公司在藏運(yùn)營，開通國內(nèi)外航線48條，通航城市達(dá)33個(gè)，形成以拉薩貢嘎機(jī)場為中心，昌都邦達(dá)、林芝米林、阿里昆莎和日喀則和平機(jī)場為支線的五大民用機(jī)場網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
A comprehensive transportation system including roads, railways and aviation has been built, further facilitating Tibet's transportation. Radiating from Lhasa to Sichuan and Yunnan in the east, Xinjiang in the west, Qinghai in the north, and India and Nepal in the south, a road transportation network that connects prefectures, cities, counties, and townships has taken shape. At the end of 2014, the total length of roads open to traffic reached 75,000 km, 8,891 km of which have sub-high-grade surfaces or better, accounting for 12.6 percent of the total. Sixty-five, or 88 percent, of all 74 counties in Tibet had access to asphalt roads. As many as 690 townships and 5,408 administrative villages could be reached by road, respectively accounting for 99.7 percent and 99.2 percent of the total. The Golmud-Lhasa and Lhasa-Shigatse railways had opened to traffic, and the construction of the railway connecting Lhasa and Nyingchi started. Tibet Airlines was established, with five airports, and eight airlines operating in Tibet. An airport network has taken shape in Tibet, with Gongkar Airport in Lhasa as the main hub, and Bangda Airport in Qamdo, Menling Airport in Nyingchi, Gunsa Airport in Ngari and Heping Airport in Shigatse as the branches, catering to 48 domestic and international air routes that link Tibet with 33 cities in China and the rest of the world.

以水電為主，地?zé)帷L(fēng)能、太陽能等多能互補(bǔ)的新型能源體系全面建設(shè)。拉薩環(huán)網(wǎng)工程和輸變電工程、青藏直流聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程、川藏電網(wǎng)聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程建成投入運(yùn)行，結(jié)束了西藏電網(wǎng)孤網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的歷史；直孔電站、獅泉河電站、雪卡電站、羊八井地?zé)犭娬尽⒗_火力發(fā)電等應(yīng)急電源項(xiàng)目建成發(fā)電，區(qū)內(nèi)裝機(jī)容量最大的水電項(xiàng)目藏木水電站發(fā)電，能源點(diǎn)建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)。2014年全區(qū)電力裝機(jī)規(guī)模達(dá)到169.7萬千瓦，全年發(fā)電量32.2億千瓦時(shí)。組織實(shí)施了那曲尼瑪縣、雙湖縣及阿里7縣1鎮(zhèn)無電地區(qū)電力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，累計(jì)示范推廣光伏系統(tǒng)3萬套，建設(shè)光伏電站90座，太陽能路燈1200多盞，總裝機(jī)容量8000千瓦。2012年底，實(shí)現(xiàn)行政村全部通電，基本解決無電人口用電問題。
An extensive energy system has now been formed with hydropower as the mainstay, backed up by geothermal, wind, and solar energy sources. Lhasa's Ethernet ring network project and power transmission and transformation project, the Qinghai-Tibet Power Grid Interconnection Project, and the Sichuan-Tibet Interconnection Project have officially gone into operation, so consigning to history the previously solitary operation of Tibet Autonomous Region power line. Such emergency power supply projects as Zhikong Hydropower Station, Shiquanhe Hydropower Station, Xueka Hydropower Station, Yangbajain Geothermal Power Station, and Lhasa's thermal power plant have been built and put into operation. Zam Hydropower Station, the hydroelectric project with the biggest installed capacity in the Region, has also become operational. Moreover, the building of energy bases was facilitated. In 2014 the total installed generating capacity reached 1.697 million kw, and the annual output of generated electricity came to 3.22 billion kwh. Tibet initiated and carried out power construction projects in Nyima County and Tsonyi in Nagchu, and in seven counties and one township in Ngari that were without electricity. The Region has demonstrated and promoted 30,000 photovoltaic (PV) systems, established 90 PV power plants, and more than 1,200 solar streetlamps, with a total installed capacity of 8,000 kw. By the end of 2012, all administrative villages had access to electricity, and the problem of electricity access had been basically solved.

以光纜、衛(wèi)星、網(wǎng)絡(luò)為主的現(xiàn)代通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系已逐步建立健全。現(xiàn)在的西藏已進(jìn)入了衛(wèi)星、光纜、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、信息新時(shí)代。全區(qū)光纜線路長度達(dá)到9.7萬公里，其中長途光纜線路為3萬多公里，累計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)74個(gè)縣、668個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通光纜，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通光纜率為97.8%；實(shí)現(xiàn)5261個(gè)行政村移動(dòng)信號覆蓋。全區(qū)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶達(dá)到217.7萬戶，普及率為70.7%，農(nóng)牧區(qū)移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)覆蓋率達(dá)到65%以上。
Tibet has now entered the information age, having established a modern telecommunications network with optical cable satellites and the Internet as the backbone. The total length of optical cable lines in the Region has reached 97,000 km, among which over 30,000 km are long-distance optical cable lines. Optical cables have now reached 668 townships and towns in 74 counties, or 97.8 percent of all townships and towns in Tibet, and mobile phone signals cover 5,261 administrative villages. The number of Internet user households has reached 2.177 million, with an Internet penetration of 70.7 percent, and mobile Internet coverage in farming and pastoral areas has surpassed 65 percent.

——人民幸福指數(shù)大幅提升
-- People's happiness quotient has been greatly improved.

城鄉(xiāng)居民收入快速增長，人民生活更加充實(shí)富裕。2014年，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入達(dá)22016元，比1978年的565元增長38倍，年均增長10.7%；農(nóng)牧民人均可支配收入7359元，年均增長10.9%。城鎮(zhèn)化水平不斷提升。1982年第三次人口普查時(shí)城鎮(zhèn)人口所占總?cè)丝诒戎貎H為9.48%，1990年提高到11.52%，2000年為19.43%，2010年達(dá)到22.67%。隨著人民生活逐步富裕，消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)開始多樣化，冰箱、彩電、電腦、洗衣機(jī)、摩托車、手機(jī)等消費(fèi)品進(jìn)入了尋常百姓家。富裕起來的農(nóng)牧民蓋起了舒適寬敞的新房，有的還購買了汽車。廣播、電視、通信、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn)代信息傳遞手段，與全國乃至世界同步發(fā)展，已經(jīng)深入到人民群眾的日常生活之中。在國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局、中國郵政集團(tuán)公司和中央電視臺聯(lián)合舉辦的“ＣＣＴＶ經(jīng)濟(jì)生活大調(diào)查”中，拉薩市連續(xù)5年被評為中國幸福指數(shù)最高的城市。
People in both urban and rural areas are living a richer and fuller life as their incomes increase rapidly. In 2014 the per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 22,016 yuan, a 38-fold increase, or an average annual increase of 10.7 percent compared with 565 yuan in 1978; and that of farmers and herdsmen was 7,359 yuan, representing an average annual increase of 10.9 percent. The level of urbanization has also steadily risen. The proportion of urban population during the third population census in 1982 was 9.48 percent, but this percentage increased to 11.52 in 1990, to 19.43 in 2000 and to 22.67 in 2010. Along with improvements to the people's livelihood, diversified consumption patterns have appeared, and such consumer goods as refrigerators, color TV sets, computers, washing machines, motorcycles, and mobile phones have entered ordinary households. Many farmers and herdsmen have become well-off and built new houses; some have even bought automobiles. Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modern information transmission means, which are at the same level as that of the country and the rest of the world, are now part of Tibetans' daily life. According to the "CCTV Economic Life Survey" jointly hosted by the National Bureau of Statistics, China Post Group, and China Central Television (CCTV), Lhasa has topped the "happiness index" in China for five consecutive years.

城鄉(xiāng)居民居住條件得到極大改善。為改善城鄉(xiāng)居民居住條件，西藏從2006年起在全國率先提出全區(qū)實(shí)施農(nóng)牧民安居工程，到2013年，全區(qū)累計(jì)投資278億元，完成46.03萬戶的農(nóng)牧民安居工程建設(shè)，使230萬農(nóng)牧民群眾住上了安全適用的房屋，農(nóng)牧民人均居住面積達(dá)到30.4平方米，生活條件得到歷史性改善。自治區(qū)不斷加大對周轉(zhuǎn)房建設(shè)的投入力度，共建設(shè)周轉(zhuǎn)房66076套，總建筑面積404.42萬平方米，總投資88.09億元。積極實(shí)施拉薩供暖工程，自2012年開工以來，建成燃?xì)庵鞲晒芫W(wǎng)63公里、燃?xì)獯胃晒芫W(wǎng)256公里、庭院管網(wǎng)1200余公里，已完成居民小區(qū)及單位供暖項(xiàng)目建設(shè)768個(gè)、10.7萬戶、2136萬平方米，拉薩城區(qū)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)供暖全覆蓋，徹底結(jié)束了祖祖輩輩靠燒牛糞取暖的歷史。
Both urban and rural residents' living conditions have greatly improved. Tibet took the lead in 2006 in initiating low-income housing projects for local farmers and herdsmen. By the end of 2013, the Region had appropriated 27.8 billion yuan and finished building 460,300 low-income houses. As many as 2.3 million farmers and herdsmen had moved into safe modern houses, their per capita living space having reached 30.4 sq m, so marking an historic improvement in their living conditions. Constantly increasing input into the building of relocation housing, Tibet has built 66,076 more such houses covering 4.0442 million sq m, with an input of 8.809 billion yuan. The Region has proactively carried out the city heating project in Lhasa. Since initiation of the project in 2012, Tibet has built 63 km of a main gas pipe network, 256 km of a secondary pipe network and more than 1,200 km of a courtyard pipe network. It has completed 768 heating projects for residential areas and workplaces, so benefiting 107,000 households in a 21.36 million sq m area. The heating system has become available to almost all urban areas in Lhasa. The burning of dung for heating is now history.

農(nóng)牧民人居環(huán)境整潔美麗。大力實(shí)施水、電、路、氣、通訊、郵政、廣播電視、優(yōu)美環(huán)境“八到農(nóng)家”工程，基本解決農(nóng)牧民的安全飲水問題。實(shí)現(xiàn)了村村通電話、村村通廣播電視、鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)通寬帶，完成4500個(gè)行政村人居環(huán)境建設(shè)，近24萬戶農(nóng)牧民用上了清潔的沼氣能源，農(nóng)牧區(qū)碘鹽覆蓋率達(dá)到95%以上。2010年，自治區(qū)按照“清潔水源、清潔田園、清潔家園”的要求，開展人居環(huán)境和綜合環(huán)境整治工作。截至目前，已完成投資44億元，實(shí)施4500個(gè)行政村村容村貌及環(huán)境整治。
Farmers and herdsmen are living in a clean and beautiful environment. Tibet has also improved its facilities in the areas of water, electricity, highways, gas, telecommunications, postal services, radio and television, and the environment in farming and pastoral areas, basically solving the problem of drinking water safety. It has also realized telephone communication and radio and TV coverage in all villages, and broadband connection in all townships. Tibet has improved the living environment of 4,500 administrative villages. Almost 240,000 farmer and herdsman households use clean biogas, and more than 95 percent of rural households cook with iodized salt. Since 2010, work on improving the people's living environment and the ecological environment has been carried out in Tibet according to the requirement of "clean water, clean farm and clean home." At present programs for improving the appearance of villages and the ecological environment have been carried out in 4,500 administrative villages with an input of 4.4 billion yuan.

貧困人口大幅減少。2006－2014年實(shí)施貧困戶、大骨節(jié)病搬遷和“興邊富民行動(dòng)”，使11.63萬戶貧困群眾人均住房面積增加了20%－30%。昔日許多低矮、陰暗、人畜混雜居住的土坯房變成了安全適用的住房。扶貧開發(fā)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施，使57.8萬戶、260萬人受益。新修和維修鄉(xiāng)村道路3223公里，水渠3371.6公里、水塘347座232.94萬立方米，新增和改善灌溉面積30萬畝，新建農(nóng)用橋883座、12834米，溫室4583座，棚圈3.5萬套。改良天然草場、草場圍欄、人工種草28.78萬畝，貧困地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)一步改善。農(nóng)牧民收入明顯增加，2003年以來連續(xù)12年保持了兩位數(shù)增長。生活在每人每年2300元（2010年不變價(jià)）的國家農(nóng)村扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的全區(qū)農(nóng)村貧困人口由2010年的117萬人減少到2014年底的61萬人，累計(jì)減少貧困人口56萬人。貧困人口占全區(qū)農(nóng)牧民人口比例，由2010年的49.2%下降至2014年的23.7%。2006年以來，直接、間接落實(shí)強(qiáng)農(nóng)惠農(nóng)補(bǔ)貼資金累計(jì)達(dá)到706.36億元，落實(shí)糧食直補(bǔ)資金1.89億元，落實(shí)農(nóng)資綜合補(bǔ)貼3.58億元，落實(shí)家電、家具下鄉(xiāng)補(bǔ)貼資金3.4億元。這些補(bǔ)貼政策提高了農(nóng)牧民群眾收入，提高了農(nóng)牧民的購買能力，提升了農(nóng)牧民的生活品質(zhì)。
The poverty-stricken population has been substantially reduced. From 2006 to 2014, Tibet launched the "Campaign to Develop Border Areas and Improve the Lives of the People," relocated poverty-stricken families and people with Kashin-Beck disease, and increased by 20 to 30 percent the per capita living area of 116,300 poverty-stricken families. Many people have moved from small, dark, adobe houses, where they lived alongside livestock, to safe, more suitable homes. Poverty relief projects have benefited 2.6 million people in 578,000 households. Tibet has built and renovated a total of 3,223 km of country roads, 3,371.6 km of irrigation channels, 347 ponds covering a total 2.3294 million sq m; it has built 883 bridges for agricultural purposes of a total 12,834 m in length, 4,583 greenhouses, and 35,000 pens. It has also installed or improved irrigation systems for 300,000 mu (one mu = 1/15 hectare) of farmland. Tibet has moreover improved the ecological environment of poverty-stricken areas, and the total area of fenced grassland, improved grassland, and planted grassland has reached 287,800 mu. Since 2003, the income of farmers and herdsmen has recorded double-digit growth for 12 consecutive years. The poverty-stricken population - people with a per capita per annum income of less than 2,300 yuan (at constant price of 2010) - has fallen from 1.17 million in 2010 to 610,000 at the end of 2014. The proportion of poverty-stricken population in the Region's total population of farmers and herdsmen fell from 49.2 percent in 2010 to 23.7 percent in 2014. Since 2006, the Region has directly or indirectly allocated a total of 70.636 billion yuan in subsidies to strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers, 189 million yuan in subsidies to grain production, 358 million yuan as general subsidies for purchasing agricultural supplies, and 340 million yuan as subsidies for purchasing home appliances and furniture. Those subsidies have increased the income and purchasing power of farmers and herdsmen and improved their living standards.

社會保障事業(yè)不斷邁上新臺階。實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策，就業(yè)率保持較高水平。2014年，西藏城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率控制在2.5%以內(nèi)，新增就業(yè)4.3萬人，提供高校畢業(yè)生公職崗位1.1萬個(gè)，各援藏省市和中央企業(yè)共提供就業(yè)崗位5335個(gè)，1500多名高校畢業(yè)生實(shí)現(xiàn)了區(qū)外就業(yè)，全區(qū)公益性崗位總量達(dá)3萬個(gè)，通過公益性崗位安置就業(yè)26018人，2500多戶零就業(yè)家庭實(shí)現(xiàn)了動(dòng)態(tài)消零，就業(yè)形勢穩(wěn)定。近年來，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系全面建立。繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)“五大險(xiǎn)種”保障制度，完善城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度，擴(kuò)大最低生活保障，實(shí)施免費(fèi)意外保險(xiǎn)，建立了寺廟僧尼基本養(yǎng)老和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，全區(qū)各項(xiàng)社會保險(xiǎn)參保達(dá)260.6萬人次。企業(yè)退休職工基本養(yǎng)老金月人均水平達(dá)3338元，居全國前列。城市居民最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高至每月534元，農(nóng)村低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高至每年2231元，五保戶供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高至每年3873元，分散供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高至每年3874元，集中收養(yǎng)孤兒基本生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)到月人均1200元。及時(shí)發(fā)放城鄉(xiāng)困難群眾慰問金。2013年底，全區(qū)各類社會福利機(jī)構(gòu)共有263個(gè)，公辦兒童福利院8所，民辦兒童福利院2所。72%有意愿的五保對象實(shí)現(xiàn)集中供養(yǎng)，5900多名孤兒得到有效救助。
Tibet's social security has entered a new stage. Due to its proactive employment policy, Tibet has maintained a high employment rate. In 2014 the registered urban unemployment rate was maintained at below 2.5 percent, and newly increased urban employment totaled 43,000. Graduates from institutions of higher learning were provided with 11,000 jobs in the public sector, while provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and centrally managed state-owned enterprises offered 5,335 job vacancies. More than 1,500 graduates from Tibet found jobs in other parts of the country. The number of public welfare jobs in the Region totaled 30,000, and 26,018 people found jobs in public welfare sectors. More than 2,500 zero-employment households were provided with jobs in a timely manner, and the employment situation remained stable. In recent years, the social security system that covers both urban and rural residents has been established in an all-round way. Tibet strengthened the security system of "five major insurance types" (endowment insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, and maternity insurance), improved the social endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents, expanded the basic living allowance, implemented free accident insurance, and established the basic endowment insurance and medical insurance systems for monks and nuns. These moves have benefited 2.606 million insurance participants. The basic old-age pension for enterprise retirees in Tibet reached 3,338 yuan per person per month, one of the highest in the country. The basic living allowance for urban residents was raised to 534 yuan per person per month and to 2,231 yuan for rural residents per person per year. The yearly payment to those who enjoy the "five guarantees" (for food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral expenses) was significantly raised to 3,873 yuan per person per year, the standard of rural decentralized support rose to 3,874 yuan per person per year, and the minimum subsistence guarantees for children housed in orphanages was 1,200 yuan per person per month. Condolence money was also timely extended to impoverished urban and rural residents. By the end of 2013, there were 263 social welfare organizations, eight state-run children's welfare homes, and two private children's welfare homes in Tibet. Centralized support covered 72 percent of those who enjoy the "five guarantees," and more than 5,900 orphans were effectively supported.

醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。目前，西藏已經(jīng)建成了中、西、藏醫(yī)結(jié)合，以拉薩為中心、遍布城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生網(wǎng)。以免費(fèi)醫(yī)療為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)牧區(qū)醫(yī)療制度覆蓋全體農(nóng)牧民，全區(qū)已建成71個(gè)縣醫(yī)院和678個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系逐步完善。2014年底，全區(qū)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展到1430所，每千人病床數(shù)和衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員數(shù)分別達(dá)到3.79張和4.08人，建成了覆蓋縣鄉(xiāng)村三級的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生網(wǎng)絡(luò)。城鎮(zhèn)職工、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)年度最高支付限額分別提高到30萬元、20萬元。城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)財(cái)政補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高到年人均380元，政策范圍內(nèi)住院費(fèi)用支付比例達(dá)到75%左右。農(nóng)牧民人口100%被納入到以免費(fèi)醫(yī)療為基礎(chǔ)的醫(yī)療保障體系之中，農(nóng)牧區(qū)醫(yī)療政府補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)到年人均420元，最高報(bào)銷補(bǔ)償限額達(dá)6萬元，政策范圍內(nèi)報(bào)銷補(bǔ)償比例達(dá)到80%以上。寺廟僧尼等人群全部納入基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)范圍。取消了醫(yī)療救助起付線，率先在全國實(shí)現(xiàn)了醫(yī)療救助城鄉(xiāng)一體化和社會全覆蓋。對城鄉(xiāng)居民實(shí)施免費(fèi)健康檢查，城鄉(xiāng)居民健康檔案建檔率達(dá)99%。2013年，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率和嬰兒死亡率分別下降到154.51／10萬人和19.97‰。人均壽命由20世紀(jì)50年代的35.5歲增加到68.17歲。全區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本消除碘缺乏病目標(biāo)。
Tibet's medical undertakings are also rapidly improving. A medical and health network that integrates traditional Chinese, Western and Tibetan medicines has been established in Tibet, covering all cities and villages in the Region, with Lhasa as the center. The Region has built 71 county hospitals and 678 township clinics that provide free basic medical services to all farmers and herdsmen. The medical service system that covers all urban and rural areas is improving, and a three-tier medical service network that covers counties, townships and villages is in place. By the end of 2014, there were 1,430 medical organizations in Tibet, and 3.79 hospital beds and 4.08 medical workers for every 1,000 residents. Maximum payment of basic medical insurance for urban employees reached 300,000 yuan, and for urban residents 200,000 yuan. The fiscal subsidy standard for urban residents' basic medical insurance increased to 380 yuan per person every year, and the inpatient reimbursement rate for urban residents covered by the medical insurance policy reached 75 percent. All farmers and herdsmen in Tibet are now covered by a medical system based on free medical service. It provides each farmer and herdsman with an annual medical allowance of 420 yuan, and an 80 percent reimbursement rate for medical services that the policy covers, with a maximum medical reimbursement of 60,000 yuan. All monks and nuns are included in the basic medical insurance system. Tibet has abolished the deductible line of medical assistance, and was among the earliest in China to realize full coverage and urban-rural integration of medical assistance. Tibet also provides free physical examinations for urban and rural residents, and 99 percent of the Region's urban and rural residents have health records. In 2013, the childbirth mortality rate had fallen to 1.5451 per thousand and the infant mortality rate to 19.97 per thousand. Average life expectancy has risen from 35.5 years in the 1950s to the present 68.17 years. The Region has basically stamped out diseases caused by iodine deficiency.

——各項(xiàng)社會事業(yè)全面發(fā)展
-- Progress has been made in all social undertakings.

教育事業(yè)日新月異，實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)有所教。全區(qū)所有縣（區(qū)）全面完成普及九年義務(wù)教育，一個(gè)涵蓋學(xué)前教育、基礎(chǔ)教育、職業(yè)教育、高等教育、成人教育、特殊教育的比較完整的現(xiàn)代教育體系已經(jīng)形成。實(shí)現(xiàn)了從學(xué)前到高中階段15年免費(fèi)教育，農(nóng)牧區(qū)義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃全面落實(shí)，政策和資金覆蓋率均達(dá)到100%。“三包”（包吃、包住、包學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用）政策覆蓋學(xué)前教育到高中階段所有農(nóng)牧民子女和城鎮(zhèn)困難家庭子女，且不斷提高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，年生均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已提高到3000元。全面啟動(dòng)實(shí)施城鎮(zhèn)三年、農(nóng)牧區(qū)兩年學(xué)前雙語教育工程。2014年底，幼兒園在園幼兒達(dá)8萬多人，學(xué)前教育毛入園率達(dá)60%。2014年底，全區(qū)擁有普通高等院校6所；中等職業(yè)學(xué)校9所，在校生1.7萬人；高級中學(xué)22所，完全中學(xué)4所，初級中學(xué)93所，十二年和九年一貫制學(xué)校各3所，小學(xué)829所。小學(xué)適齡兒童入學(xué)率達(dá)到99.64%，青壯年文盲率下降至0.57%以內(nèi)，人均受教育年限達(dá)到8.6年，新增勞動(dòng)力受教育年限達(dá)到12年以上。1984年，中央政府作出“在內(nèi)地為西藏辦學(xué)培養(yǎng)人才”的重大戰(zhàn)略決策，現(xiàn)有21個(gè)省市辦有西藏班（校），已累計(jì)為西藏培養(yǎng)了大中專畢業(yè)生3.2萬余人。目前西藏不僅有了自己培養(yǎng)的碩士、博士，而且有了一批享譽(yù)全國的專家、學(xué)者，逐步建立了近30個(gè)科研院所，有各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員69709人，學(xué)科領(lǐng)域涉及歷史、經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口、語言、宗教和農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧、林業(yè)、生態(tài)、生物、藏醫(yī)藥、鹽湖、地?zé)帷⑻柲艿葦?shù)十個(gè)門類。其中，藏學(xué)、高原生態(tài)、藏醫(yī)藥等學(xué)科研究在全國處于領(lǐng)先水平，產(chǎn)生了一批有世界影響的學(xué)術(shù)成果。
Tibet's education has taken on a new look, and all children can now go to school. Nine-year compulsory education is practiced in all counties in the Region, and a complete modern education system is in place, covering preschool education, basic education, vocational education, higher education, adult education, and special education. Tibet has realized 15-year free education from the preschool stage to senior middle school, fully implemented the nutrition improvement plan for students under compulsory education in agricultural and pastoral areas, and realized 100 percent coverage in terms of both policies and funds. Tibet has covered all tuition, food, and boarding expenses for students from farmers' and herdsmen's families and those from families in urban areas with financial difficulties from preschool education to senior middle school education, and raised the subsidy standard many times to today's 3,000 yuan per student every year. Tibet has launched the campaign to provide three-year bilingual education for preschool children in urban areas, and two years for those in agricultural and pastoral areas. At the end of 2014, there were more than 80,000 children in kindergartens, and the gross enrollment rate for preschool education had reached 60 percent; there were six higher education institutions, nine secondary vocational schools with 17,000 students, 22 senior middle schools, four six-year middle schools, 93 junior middle schools, three nine-year education schools, three 12-year education schools, and 829 primary schools. The primary school enrollment rate reached 99.64 percent among school-age children, the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged people fell to less than 0.57 percent, and the average length of education reached 8.6 years for the Region's general population and above 12 years for the newly-increased working population. Since the central government adopted the strategy in 1984 of "cultivating talent for Tibet in other parts of China," Tibetan schools and classes in 21 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government have cultivated more than 32,000 graduates from junior colleges and secondary technical schools for Tibet. Tibet has now cultivated its own postgraduate and Ph.D. students, built almost 30 scientific research institutions, compiled a group of renowned experts and scholars, and an army of 69,709 professionals in such areas as history, economics, demographics, languages, religion, agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, ecology, biology, Tibetan medicine, salt lakes, and geothermal and solar energy. Tibet tops China in areas such as Tibetan studies, plateau ecology, and Tibetan medicine, and boasts academic achievements of world influence.

公共文化服務(wù)覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)，人們精神生活不斷豐富。全區(qū)已建成群眾藝術(shù)館8座、公共圖書館5座、博物館3座，建成縣綜合文化活動(dòng)中心74座，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站692座，建成文化信息資源共享工程自治區(qū)分中心、7個(gè)地市支中心、74個(gè)縣支中心、692個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)基層點(diǎn)、5389個(gè)村基層點(diǎn)，區(qū)、地、縣、鄉(xiāng)四級公共文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)初步形成。投資近13億元的“十二五”文化設(shè)施建設(shè)項(xiàng)目全面推進(jìn)，到2015年底，西藏將基本實(shí)現(xiàn)“地市有公共圖書館和文化館，館藏文物豐富地區(qū)有博物館，縣縣有圖書館、文化館或綜合性文化活動(dòng)中心，鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)有綜合文化站，53%的縣國有藝術(shù)團(tuán)有排練場”目標(biāo)，公共文化設(shè)施總量將達(dá)到790個(gè)。建成1600余個(gè)文化廣場，形成拉薩雪頓節(jié)等群眾性、常態(tài)化品牌文化活動(dòng)90個(gè)。全面啟動(dòng)了公共設(shè)施的免費(fèi)開放工作，近5年來，全區(qū)公共文化設(shè)施共開展免費(fèi)群眾文化活動(dòng)4萬余場，受益群眾達(dá)到800余萬人次。全區(qū)專業(yè)文藝團(tuán)體和縣民間藝術(shù)團(tuán)年均下鄉(xiāng)演出近1萬場次，送書下鄉(xiāng)10萬余冊。
Public cultural services now cover both urban and rural areas in Tibet, and have enriched people's cultural life. The Region has built eight public art centers, five public libraries, three museums, 74 county-level cultural activity centers, and 692 township-level cultural stations. In addition, it has built one regional center, seven prefecture-level sub-centers, 74 county-level sub-centers, 692 township-level stations, and 5,389 village-level stations as part of the project to share cultural information and resources. A cultural facility network covering the four levels of autonomous region, prefecture, county, and township is also taking shape. The cultural facility construction project as an important part of the 12th Five-year Plan (2011-2015) with a total input of nearly 1.3 billion yuan is making full progress. By the end of 2015, all prefectures and cities in Tibet will have public libraries and cultural centers, areas rich in cultural relics will have museums, all counties will have libraries, cultural centers or comprehensive cultural activity centers, all townships will have cultural stations, and 53 percent of the county-level state-owned art troupes will have rehearsal spaces. The total number of public cultural venues will reach 790. Tibet has built more than 1,600 cultural squares, and launched 90 regularly-staged popular cultural activities, including the Lhasa Shoton Festival celebrations. Tibet also initiated the campaign to provide free access to public facilities. In the recent five years, the Region's public cultural venues have launched more than 40,000 free mass cultural events, benefiting more than eight million people. The Region's professional art groups and folk art groups at the county level staged more than 10,000 shows, and sent more than 100,000 books to the countryside.

新聞出版事業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，文化產(chǎn)品日益豐富。西藏人民出版社、西藏藏文古籍出版社累計(jì)出版各類圖書（教材）19052種、2.8263億冊。西藏音像出版社、雪域音像電子出版社2014年出版音像電子產(chǎn)品115種37.96萬盤。報(bào)紙、期刊分別發(fā)展到25種、35種。全區(qū)出版發(fā)行單位發(fā)展到576家，其中區(qū)、地、縣新華書店89家，邊境口岸新華書店5家，民營發(fā)行網(wǎng)點(diǎn)482家。2014年全區(qū)共發(fā)行圖書約3395萬冊，圖書銷售碼洋3.23億元。全區(qū)印刷企業(yè)38家，其中規(guī)模以上重點(diǎn)印刷企業(yè)1家。2014年全區(qū)印刷業(yè)總產(chǎn)值3.6億元。目前，全面建成5609個(gè)農(nóng)家書屋、1700多個(gè)寺廟書屋，實(shí)現(xiàn)所有行政村有農(nóng)家書屋、寺寺有寺廟書屋，有效解決了農(nóng)牧民群眾和寺廟僧尼讀書難、用書難問題。
Tibet's press and publishing are growing fast, and more and more cultural products are appearing. Tibet People's Publishing House and Tibetan Ancient Books Publishing House published 19,052 book and textbook titles, totaling 282.63 million printed copies. In 2014, the Tibet Audio-Visual Publishing House and the Snowfield Electronic Audio-Visual Publishing House published 115 audio-visual and electronic book titles, totaling 379,600 copies. Tibet has 25 newspapers, 35 periodicals, and 576 publishing and distribution entities, among which 89 are Xinhua Bookstores at regional, prefectural and county levels, five are Xinhua Bookstores at frontier ports, and 482 are private distribution networks. In 2014, the autonomous region distributed 33.95 million copies of books, with a total value of 323 million yuan. The Region has 38 printing enterprises, one of which is a key enterprise with its turnover over 20 million yuan per annum. In 2014, the total output of the Region's printing industry reached 360 million yuan. The Region has built 5,609 rural libraries and 1,700 monastery libraries, bringing libraries to all administrative villages and monasteries, and providing all farmers, herdsmen, monks and nuns with access to books.

廣播影視事業(yè)得到長足發(fā)展。已累計(jì)新建、改擴(kuò)建100瓦以上調(diào)頻轉(zhuǎn)播臺78座，50瓦以上電視轉(zhuǎn)播發(fā)射臺78座，中波廣播發(fā)射臺27座，衛(wèi)星地球站1座，村村通廣播電視站9371座，全區(qū)所有的1787座寺廟實(shí)現(xiàn)了廣播影視全覆蓋。目前，有省級廣播電臺1座5個(gè)頻率，聽眾遍及世界50個(gè)國家和地區(qū)；有省級電視臺1座4個(gè)頻道，其中，藏語衛(wèi)視已在尼泊爾、印度、不丹等周邊國家部分落地，全臺節(jié)目實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化，覆蓋全國人口7億多人；有地市級廣播電臺6座，電視臺1座。目前，全區(qū)廣播、電視綜合覆蓋率由1965年的12%和0%提高到現(xiàn)在的94.78%和95.91%，90%以上農(nóng)牧戶實(shí)現(xiàn)了“戶戶通”。通過直播衛(wèi)星接收設(shè)備，農(nóng)牧民每家每戶能夠收聽收看到40至70多套數(shù)字廣播電視節(jié)目。目前，全區(qū)共有566個(gè)電影機(jī)構(gòu)，其中478個(gè)農(nóng)村電影放映隊(duì)全部實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化放映。
Tibet's radio, film and television undertakings have also made significant headway. The Region has built, rebuilt or expanded 78 FM stations above 100 w, 78 television transmitters above 50 w, 27 medium wave broadcast transmitters, one satellite earth station, and 9,371 radio and television stations for all villages. All 1,787 monasteries in the Region now have radio, film and television coverage. At present, Tibet has one provincial broadcast station with five frequencies, and its audiences are found in 50 countries and regions. It has one provincial TV station with four channels. Its programs, all digitized, cover more than 700 million people in China, and its satellite TV programs in Tibetan language can be viewed in neighboring Nepal, India, and Bhutan. Tibet has six prefectural-level radio stations, and one TV station. The coverage of radio in Tibet has increased from 12 percent in 1965 to today's 94.78 percent and that of television from zero in 1965 to today's 95.91 percent. More than 90 percent of farmer and herdsman families have access to radio and television. Through direct broadcast satellite receivers, each rural family can receive 40 to 70 digital radio and TV program channels. At present, Tibet has 566 film agencies, including 478 digitized film projection teams in the countryside.